Inter-Occasion Variability (IOV)

Population simulation with both IIV and IOV for multiple dosing occasions.

Model

θᵢⱼ = θ_pop × exp(ηᵢ + κⱼ)

Where:
- ηᵢ ~ N(0, ω²)  (between-subject)
- κⱼ ~ N(0, π²)  (between-occasion)

Parameters

Parameter	Population	ω (IIV)	π (IOV)
CL	5.0 L/h	0.3	0.15
V	50.0 L	0.2	0.1

What This Example Shows

1. 50 subjects with 3 dosing occasions each
2. Each subject has consistent IIV across occasions
3. Additional IOV varies by occasion
4. Demonstrates within-subject variability

Use Cases

• Multiple dose studies
• Crossover bioequivalence
• Chronic therapy monitoring