Static Covariates

Population simulation with weight and age effects on PK parameters.

Model

Weight on CL and V (allometric):

CL = CL_pop × (WT/70)^0.75
V  = V_pop × (WT/70)^1.0

Age on CL (linear decline):

CL = CL_adj × (1 - 0.01 × (AGE - 40))

Covariate Distribution

Covariate	Distribution	Range
Weight	Normal(70, 15)	40-120 kg
Age	Normal(50, 15)	18-80 years

What This Example Shows

1. Generate realistic covariate distributions
2. Apply covariate effects to parameters
3. Residual IIV after covariate adjustment
4. Variance explained by covariates